HydroStatic Star
Purpose
This module aims to reproduce a situation of hydrostatic equilibrium (HSE), a condition where a volume of a fluid is at rest or at constant velocity. This occurs when compression due to gravity is balanced by a pressure gradient force:
we can translate the image above into the condition:
where dP/dh is the change in pressure with respect to height, ρ(r) and g(r) are respectively density and gravitational potential.
Implementation
First we determine a 1D profile in hydrostatic equilibrium, then the profile is ported to 2D/3D using interpolation.
Objects
This module makes use of 3 objects:
Process
We can think of a 1D column of gas as an array:
COLUMN TOP |
h5 | ρ5 | P5 |
h4 | ρ4 | P4 |
h3 | ρ3 | P3 |
h2 | ρ2 | P2 |
h1 | ρ1 | P1 |
h0 | ρ0 | P0 |
COLUMN BASE |
We can relate each level of the column to an position in an array which contains height (h), density(ρ) and pressure(P), that is:
REAL(KIND=qPREC), DIMENSION(100,3) :: column !where 100 is the number of entries !3 is the number of attributes for each entry !(1 height or radius, 2 rho, 3 pressure) in this case
This array need to be populated with a density profile, namely, the fields 1(height or radius) and 2(rho) for all 100 entries above. The module will be able to calculate the ideal pressure in order to create an HSE solution.
To calculate a pressure profile we need to interpret:
in a discrete way, this gives:
The condition above determines the pressure profile starting from the top of the column until its base. This implies we specify the pressure at the highest distance from the point mass, ideally infinity. This value can be adjusted in problem.data :
&ProblemData mass=0.4d0 !PointGravity Mass soft_radius=1d0 !Softening radius (in computational units) soft_function=2 !Softening function (NOSOFT=0, SPLINESOFT=1, PLUMMERSOFT=2) velocity=0,0,0 !PointGravity velocity xloc=0,0,0 !PointGravity location pressure_inf=1d0 !Ambient Pressure at infinity (cu) /
You can check the Profiles page to familiarize with the code that handles these calculations.
This model assumes that the effects of self gravity are relatively small compared to the gravitational attraction of a point mass.
2D, 3D and Softening
Due to steep changes in density and gravitational potential close to the center of mass of a star, the point gravity in this model, softening is needed.
With PlummerSoftening being used to soften the gravitational potential and force in this module, a difference in the pressure and temperature profile arise between 2D and 3D models.
Below is how gravitational acceleration is calculated for 2D and 3D respectively :
2D:
GravityAcceleration=-PlummerSoftening2D*mass*ScaleGrav PlummerSoftening2D=2d0*pos/(sum(pos(1:nDim)**2)+r_soft**2)
3D:
GravityAcceleration=-PlummerSoftening*mass*ScaleGrav PlummerSoftening=pos/((sum(pos**2)+r_soft**2)**(1.5d0))
Clearly, the 3D model shows a steeper gradient in pressure, this has important repercussions on the temperature profile as well.
The plot below indicates how the pressure profile changes between 2D and 3D models.
Refence model comparison and results
Testing can be done in two ways: 1) by comparing model properties to analytic solutions 2) by running the model
For the first testing stage, the density profile of an AGB star (can be found here) was loaded into the module, after calculating pressure and temperature profiles needed for an HSE condition, the generated profiles were compared with the reference model.
The following plot below compares the two models:
In the second testing stage, the model was run to check for changes in velocity.
Clearly, the outcome that can be expected from an equilibrium condition is the absence of change in velocity. In the case of an equilibrium at rest, we would expect our model not to change over time.
Below is the density, pressure, temperature and mach profiles for our model.
Attachments (4)
- Hydrostatic_equilibrium2.png (13.0 KB ) - added by 12 years ago.
- 2Dvs3D.png (67.2 KB ) - added by 12 years ago.
- plotshse2.png (58.9 KB ) - added by 12 years ago.
- 3Dhse.gif (152.8 KB ) - added by 12 years ago.
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